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Systemd-networkd-wait-online and slow boot

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I have a Xen VPS which is booting slowly. OS is Ubuntu 22.04, originally upgraded from 20.04. In recent months (since 30 September, to be precise), it's taking ages to boot.

The culprit turns out to be systemd-networkd-wait-online, with its obligatory 2-minute wait if it's not happy for some reason.

networkctl shows
Code:

IDX LINK    TYPE    OPERATIONAL SETUP   
  1 lo      loopback carrier    unmanaged
  2 bond0    bond    off        unmanaged
  3 dummy0  ether    off        unmanaged
  4 teql0    void    off        unmanaged
  5 gre0    ipgre    off        unmanaged
  6 gretap0  ether    off        unmanaged
  7 erspan0  ether    off        unmanaged
  8 ip_vti0  tunnel  off        unmanaged
  9 ip6_vti0 tunnel6  off        unmanaged
 10 sit0    sit      off        unmanaged
 11 ip6tnl0  tunnel6  off        unmanaged
 12 ip6gre0  ip6gre  off        unmanaged
 13 eth0    ether    routable    unmanaged

which looks to me like systemd-networkd isn't managing anything.

(The hosting people are using ifupdown to manage the network.)

If it's relevant, just before the first problematic boot, I ran apt upgrade and it pulled in several systemd-related packages.

From apt/history.log:
Code:

Start-Date: 2023-09-30  19:39:05
Commandline: apt upgrade
Requested-By: user (1000)
Upgrade: udev:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), openssh-client:amd64 (1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.3, 1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.4), systemd-timesyncd:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), libpam-systemd:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), ssh:amd64 (1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.3, 1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.4), libsystemd0:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), libnss-systemd:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), openssh-server:amd64 (1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.3, 1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.4), systemd:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), libudev1:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), libc6:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), locales:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), libc-dev-bin:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), openssh-sftp-server:amd64 (1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.3, 1:8.9p1-3ubuntu0.4), libc-bin:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), libc-devtools:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), libc6-dev:amd64 (2.35-0ubuntu3.1, 2.35-0ubuntu3.3), systemd-sysv:amd64 (249.11-0ubuntu3.9, 249.11-0ubuntu3.10), ubuntu-advantage-tools:amd64 (28.1~22.04, 29.4~22.04)
End-Date: 2023-09-30  19:39:32

What could I do to stop this delay? Do I need systemd-networkd at all? I'm hesitant to just try disabling or removing things, since I don't want to end up breaking anything.

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